معرفة الفولاذ
Steel materials & fasteners
Steel grades in the main standards, mill certificates and traceability, and the bolts that hold a structure together.
Steel grades and mill certificates (EN 10204 3.1)
How to read S355JR, A572 Gr 50, SS400 or Q355B, how grades compare across standards, and what a 3.1 inspection certificate proves.
Structural bolts: grades, sets and tightening
What 8.8 and 10.9 mean, the difference between snug-tight and preloaded bolts, and how bolts appear in the BOM.
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